Freshwater Runoff in the Arctic

Arctic freshwater input into the North Pacific could serve as a catalyst for methane hydrate destabilization, an event suggested as a precursor to the onset of the PETM.

Pakistan and Afghanistan monsoon floods August 2013

Eastern Afghanistan and neighbouring Pakistan have been hit by torrential rain, causing floods which have killed at least 80 people.

Increased Methane emissions from summer Monsoon

Eastern Afghanistan and neighbouring Pakistan have been hit by torrential rain, causing floods which have killed at least 80 people.

Methane Hydrate – Ice on Fire

Deep in the Arctic Circle, in the Messoyakha gas field of western Siberia, lies a mystery. Back in 1970, Russian engineers began pumping natural gas from beneath the permafrost. The field continues to power Norilsk today.

Methane in the Arctic Circle

In conditions without oxygen, such as at the bottom of a lake or the sea, decomposition turns organic matter into methane, rather than carbon dioxide.

Greenland Anomaly: Late Season Melt Pulse + Methane Emissions

Extensive dark snow, very large melt lakes.

The Late Triassic Extinction, Persistent Photic Zone Euxinia, and Rising Sea Levels

Elevated CO2 leading to Late Triassic extinction, persistent photic zone euxinia, and rising sea levels.

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